What Is an Appraisal Gap? How It Works and What Buyers Should Know

An appraisal gap occurs when a home’s appraisal value comes in lower than the price the buyer agreed to pay. This is a common challenge in competitive housing markets, where roughly 8% of home appraisals come in below the contract price.

This is particularly prevalent in real estate markets like  Los Angeles, CA, Austin, TX, or Chicago, IL, where bidding wars often drive prices above the appraised value. Because lenders base loan amounts on the appraisal—not the purchase price— buyers are typically responsible for covering this difference out-of-pocket. In this Redfin guide, we’ll explain why appraisal gaps happen and how buyers can effectively navigate them.

What is an appraisal gap?

An appraisal gap happens when a home’s appraised value is lower than the price you agreed to pay. This doesn’t automatically end the deal, but it can complicate things. You may need to cover the difference out of pocket or renegotiate with the seller. If you can’t agree on a solution, you could lose the home—and in some cases, your earnest money too.

>>Read: Earnest Money: What Is It and How Much Should You Pay?

Why do appraisal gaps happen?

There are a few common reasons that cause appraisal gaps to occur, especially in today’s competitive housing market.

• High competition: In a competitive market, buyers often offer more than what the home is worth, which can lead to a gap.
• Prices increasing fast: Prices rise quickly in hot markets but appraisals rely on older sales data that may not reflect the latest trends.
• Homes with special upgrades: If a house has custom features that other homes nearby don’t, it can be hard for appraisers to find a fair comparison.
• Limited recent sales nearby: In neighborhoods with few homes for sale, there may not be enough recent data to support a high appraisal.
• Emotional bidding: It’s common to fall in love with a home, leading buyers to get attached and offer more than its worth.

How does an appraisal gap work?

Imagine you’ve found the home of your dreams and make an offer of $400,000, but the appraisal comes in at $380,000. Since your lender bases the loan amount on the appraised value, they’ll only finance 80% of $380,000—not the $400,000 you agreed to pay. This means you’ll need to cover the $20,000 difference yourself or try to negotiate with the seller to lower the price.

Appraisal gaps can create financial strain for buyers, especially if they haven’t budgeted for this unexpected cost. If you’re unable to make up the difference, you might lose the home or risk your earnest money if you’ve waived certain protections.

However, if you are paying all cash or if the home appraises at or above your offer, you won’t face an appraisal gap.

How the home appraisal process works

Mortgage lenders only finance up to the appraised value of a home, so once you make an offer, they’ll order an appraisal to confirm the property’s fair market value. Most lenders require one to make sure the price you’re paying isn’t higher than what the home is actually worth. This protects both buyers and lenders —buyers avoid overpaying and starting with negative equity, while lenders ensure the home is valuable enough to back the loan. 

A real estate appraisal matters because it affects how much you can borrow. Lenders won’t finance more than a home is worth. So if you offer $400,000 but the home appraises for $380,000, your loan will be based on the lower amount. 

In a seller’s market, buyers may waive the appraisal contingency or offer an appraisal guarantee. If the appraisal is lower than the price or guarantee, the buyer pays the difference in cash.

Appraisers assess a home’s value based on four main factors:

Similar homes that sold recently

Appraisers use recent sales of similar homes (“comps“) to determine a property’s value. These recently sold homes will be in the same area and are similar in size, condition, age, and features. By analyzing what buyers have actually paid for comparable properties, appraisers can make a data-backed estimate of what the current home is worth. The more recent and similar the comps, the more accurate the appraisal will be.

The home itself

The property’s individual features play a big role in the appraisal. Key factors include the home’s square footage, number of bedrooms and bathrooms, layout, and overall condition. Recently renovated homes or those with upgraded kitchens, bathrooms, or major systems (like HVAC or a new roof) tend to appraise higher than homes needing significant repairs or updates. Cleanliness and staging don’t officially impact value, but a well-kept home can leave a better impression.

The neighborhood market

Appraisers take into account the current pace of the local real estate market. Is the area experiencing a lot of buyer activity? Are homes sitting on the market longer than usual? A hot market—where homes are selling quickly and often above asking price—can lead to higher appraisals. On the other hand, in slower markets, appraisers may be more conservative, even if your offer is strong.

What’s nearby 

Location always matters and appraisers will look at nearby amenities and surroundings to evaluate desirability. Homes close to highly rated schools, parks, grocery stores, and walkable streets tend to appraise higher. In contrast, properties near busy roads, industrial areas, or those with limited access to local conveniences may appraise for less. 

>>Read: What is a Home Appraisal: How the Process Works

Appraisal gap clauses explained

When an appraisal comes in lower than the offer, these common clauses determine how the deal moves forward and how much financial risk the buyer assumes:

• Guarantee clause: The buyer agrees to pay the full difference no matter how low the appraisal comes in. This makes offers stronger in competitive markets but increases buyer risk.
• Contingency clause: This protects the buyer by allowing them to back out or renegotiate if the appraisal is lower than the offer. It provides flexibility but may weaken the offer in a bidding war.
• Gap coverage clause: The buyer agrees to cover a portion of the appraisal gap up to a specified amount, making their offer more competitive without excessive risk. You and the seller should agree on the exact amount you’ll cover—or whether you’ll split the difference—and put it in writing. 

What should you do when the appraisal is less than the offer?

Appraisal gaps don’t have to be a deal-breaker. When you know what to expect and have a plan, you can keep things moving forward.

Be financially prepared

If the appraisal comes in low, your lender will only finance up to the appraised value, and you may need to cover the difference out-of-pocket. This happens when the seller won’t agree to lower the price. In that case, you’ll need to pay the difference between the sale price and the appraised value, on top of your agreed-upon down payment. Setting aside extra cash upfront can help you act quickly and keep the deal alive without scrambling for funds.

An appraisal contingency lets you back out or renegotiate without losing your earnest money. But if you’ve waived it or included a gap clause, you may be locked into the deal, and risk losing your earnest money if you walk away. If you’re short on cash, consider asking family for gift funds or using your investments. You might also be able to access retirement savings without a penalty—check with your 401(k) provider or tax advisor. If you own other property, tapping into home equity could help cover the gap.

Negotiate with the seller

It could be worth trying to negotiate with the seller—especially in a balanced or buyer-friendly market where sellers may be more flexible. If you have an appraisal contingency in your contract, start by asking the seller to lower the price to match the appraised value. This would eliminate the appraisal gap entirely.

If the seller won’t agree to that, you could propose splitting the difference. For example, if the gap is $10,000, you might ask the seller to reduce the price by $5,000 while you cover the remaining $5,000. You can also ask for other concessions, such as closing cost credits, to help bridge the gap.

Just keep in mind: negotiating in a seller’s market can be risky. If the seller has a kick-out clause, they could entertain another offer while giving you a short window to remove your contingency and proceed. If you don’t act quickly, they could choose the other buyer.

Request a reconsideration of value (RVO)

Sometimes, buyers or sellers don’t agree with the appraisal. In this case, you can request a reconsideration of value through your lender. This involves submitting a written request that includes additional, more accurate comparable sales or pointing out errors in the original report. 

To successfully dispute the appraisal, you’ll need strong evidence showing that the appraiser:

• Used inappropriate comparable sales when better options exist
• Missed key features or upgrades in the home
• Made mistakes in the report
• Conducted only a drive-by or exterior inspection

While there’s no guarantee the appraised value will change, it’s a worthwhile option—especially if your agent can help pull together stronger data to support your case.

Use your appraisal contingency to exit the deal

If you’ve included an appraisal contingency in your offer, you have an important safety net. If the appraisal comes in low and you can’t reach an agreement with the seller, this clause allows you to back out of the deal without losing your earnest money. 

Before backing out, consult your attorney—especially if your contract doesn’t include an appraisal contingency, as you could risk losing your earnest money.

The bottom line

Appraisal gaps happen when a home appraises for less than your offer, and you’re left to cover the difference. They’re especially common in competitive markets or with unique homes that are tough to compare. The good news? You have options.

Talk to your Redfin agent early in the process. They can tell you how often appraisal gaps happen in your area, what the typical gap looks like, and how to structure your offer with the right protections. A strong strategy upfront can save you stress later.

Appraisal gap FAQs

How do you cover an appraisal gap without cash?

If you’re short on cash, you might renegotiate the purchase price, switch to a loan with a lower down payment to free up funds, or request seller concessions. In some cases, financial gifts from relatives or down payment assistance programs may help.

Do appraisal gaps affect refinancing?

Yes. If your home appraises for less than expected during refinancing, it could reduce how much you’re eligible to borrow, limit your ability to cash out equity, or make it harder to remove mortgage insurance.

What’s the difference between an appraisal gap clause and a waiver?

An appraisal gap clause means the buyer agrees to cover part or all of the difference if the appraisal comes in low. An appraisal waiver removes the appraisal contingency altogether, so the buyer must proceed with the purchase regardless of the appraised value.

Can you dispute a low appraisal?

Yes. Buyers or mortgage lenders can submit a reconsideration of value (RVO) if they believe the appraisal is inaccurate. This involves providing new comparable sales, pointing out errors, or correcting overlooked home features—but approval isn’t guaranteed.

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